Question 1

The basis of an experiment is

Accepted Answer

A)   manipulation of a dependent variable.
B)   examining the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable.
C)   manipulation of an independent variable.
D)   in-depth fact gathering regarding many variables.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 2

In cross-cultural research, the independent or treatment variable is generally the .

Accepted Answer

A)   culture
B)   disorder
C)   method used to treat the disorder
D)   success of the treatmentE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 3

One of the major problems with the case study method is that it is too easy to make false conclusions based on

Accepted Answer

A)   statistical significance.
B)   unreliable measures.
C)   poorly defined dependent variables.
D)   coincidence.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 4

The Surgeon General gathered data that demonstrated the more people smoked, the more likely they were to develop lung cancer, heart disease, and other dangerous illnesses. This data demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)   that there is a positive correlation between smoking and serious illnesses like lung cancer.
B)   that there is a negative correlation between smoking and serious illnesses like lung cancer.
C)   that smoking causes lung cancer and other serious illnesses.
D)   there is no relationship between smoking and lung cancer or other serious illnesses.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a component of withdrawal designs?

Accepted Answer

A)   Establishing a baseline
B)   Manipulating the independent variable
C)   Withdrawing the dependent variable
D)   Returning to baselineE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

Randomization is used to assign research participants to groups in order to

Accepted Answer

A)   prevent assembling groups that differ in a way that may influence the research outcome.
B)   make sure that all participants in the study are the same with respect to the dependent variable when the study is concluded.
C)   make sure that all participants are the same with respect to the independent variable before the study begins.
D)   prevent any differences in the way the independent variable is manipulated for all research subjects.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

Single-case experimental designs are sometimes criticized because they tend to

Accepted Answer

A)   always involve a single case.
B)   decrease internal validity.
C)   have lower external validity.
D)   have very poor reliability estimates.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

Statistical significance determines whether an observed difference between a treatment and control group is likely due to _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   random assignment
B)   external validity
C)   chance
D)   confoundsE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 9

Use of a cross-sectional design would be appropriate in trying to find an answer to all of the following questions EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   How does panic disorder differ in children and adults?
B)   Are the cognitive triggers for panic disorder different in children and adults?
C)   What early behaviors did adult panic disorder patients tend to display when they were young?
D)   Does exposure therapy tend to be more or less effective when it is used in the treatment of children versus adults?E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

The dependent variable in a research study is the variable that

Accepted Answer

A)   is expected to influence or change the variable being studied.
B)   is the empirical result of the study.
C)   is expected to be changed or influenced in the study.
D)   forms the most important component of the hypothesis.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 11

While studying the impact of nutrition on intelligence, a researcher has one group of rats on a vitamin-rich diet and the other group eating Big Macs. While observing the rats run a complicated maze, the researcher notes that the vitamin-enhanced rats' maze is more brightly lit than the Big Mac rats' maze. The difference in lighting in this study is a(n)  _________.

Accepted Answer

A)   confound
B)   independent variable
C)   dependent variable
D)   hypothesisE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Institutional review boards are typically made up of

Accepted Answer

A)   animal rights group members and lawyers.
B)   research participants and their families.
C)   faculty and community members.
D)   administrators and students.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

A researcher studying a family with a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  records data for each person in the family with OCD and for those who have been diagnosed with OCD in the past. The researcher is particularly interested in determining if family members who now have OCD or who were previously diagnosed share any other inherited characteristics. The researcher is conducting a(n)  .

Accepted Answer

A)   association study
B)   chromosome analysis
C)   genetic linkage analysis
D)   family DNA analysisE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

When studying family functioning, it has been observed that marital discord often increases as child behavior problems increase in the family. Using the correlational model,

Accepted Answer

A)   it is possible to determine that marital problems generally cause child behavior problems.
B)   it is not possible to determine whether marital discord causes child behavior problems, whether child behavior problems cause marital discord, or whether both may be true.
C)   it is possible to determine whether marital problems cause child behavior problems or whether child behavior problems cause marital problems, but it is not possible to determine whether both may be true.
D)   it is possible to determine whether any or all observed effects may be causing changes on any of the variables being studied.E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence?

Accepted Answer

A)   Monozygotic twins, one raised in a wealthy family living in a modern city and the other raised in poverty in a developing nation
B)   Adopted children from different biological families raised in the same home
C)   Biological siblings raised in the same house
D)   Biological siblings, each adopted immediately after birth, one raised in Chicago and the other raised in New York CityE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 16

If you observe that umbrellas cause rain since they always occur together, you may be confusing

Accepted Answer

A)   correlation with causation.
B)   confounds with correlations.
C)   independent variable with dependent variable.
D)   statistical and clinical effects.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 17

An important advantage of the multiple baseline design over the withdrawal design for evaluating treatments is that multiple baseline

Accepted Answer

A)   has greater internal validity.
B)   has greater external validity.
C)   does not require the removal of a potentially helpful treatment.
D)   does not require the artificial intervention of the researcher.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Of the following, researchers use to attempt to control for the phenomenon called the "allegiance
Effect," which occurs when experimenter bias influences research outcomes.

Accepted Answer

A)   correlation studies
B)   double-blind control
C)   epidemiological studies
D)   placebo pillsE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 19

The function of replication in research is to

Accepted Answer

A)   better define independent and dependent variables.
B)   improve the research design.
C)   rule out coincidence.
D)   enhance the external validity of the study.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Describe the procedures of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. What are the uses and limitations of each of these methods?

Accepted Answer

In cross-sectional designs, researchers ...

Exam 4: Research Methods

Describe the procedures of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. What are the uses and limitations of each of these methods?

Correct Answer
verified
In cross-sectional designs, researchers ...
View Answer

Use of a cross-sectional design would be appropriate in trying to find an answer to all of the following questions EXCEPT:

Correct Answer
verified

Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence?

Correct Answer
verified

One of the major problems with the case study method is that it is too easy to make false conclusions based on

Correct Answer
verified

If you observe that umbrellas cause rain since they always occur together, you may be confusing

Correct Answer
verified

In cross-cultural research, the independent or treatment variable is generally the .

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT a component of withdrawal designs?

Correct Answer
verified

Of the following, researchers use to attempt to control for the phenomenon called the "allegiance Effect," which occurs when experimenter bias influences research outcomes.

Correct Answer
verified

Statistical significance determines whether an observed difference between a treatment and control group is likely due to _____________.

Correct Answer
verified

Randomization is used to assign research participants to groups in order to

Correct Answer
verified

The function of replication in research is to

Correct Answer
verified

The Surgeon General gathered data that demonstrated the more people smoked, the more likely they were to develop lung cancer, heart disease, and other dangerous illnesses. This data demonstrates

Correct Answer
verified

The basis of an experiment is

Correct Answer
verified

When studying family functioning, it has been observed that marital discord often increases as child behavior problems increase in the family. Using the correlational model,

Correct Answer
verified

Single-case experimental designs are sometimes criticized because they tend to

Correct Answer
verified

Institutional review boards are typically made up of

Correct Answer
verified

The dependent variable in a research study is the variable that

Correct Answer
verified

An important advantage of the multiple baseline design over the withdrawal design for evaluating treatments is that multiple baseline

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 4: Research Methods

Describe the procedures of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods. What are the uses and limitations of each of these methods?

Correct AnswerverifiedIn cross-sectional designs, researchers ...View AnswerShow Answer

Use of a cross-sectional design would be appropriate in trying to find an answer to all of the following questions EXCEPT:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Given what we know about the effects of genes and the environment, which of the following pairs of children would be expected to be most similar in terms of overall personality, psychological disorders, and intelligence?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One of the major problems with the case study method is that it is too easy to make false conclusions based on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you observe that umbrellas cause rain since they always occur together, you may be confusing

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In cross-cultural research, the independent or treatment variable is generally the .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a component of withdrawal designs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Of the following, researchers use to attempt to control for the phenomenon called the "allegiance Effect," which occurs when experimenter bias influences research outcomes.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Statistical significance determines whether an observed difference between a treatment and control group is likely due to _____________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Randomization is used to assign research participants to groups in order to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The function of replication in research is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Surgeon General gathered data that demonstrated the more people smoked, the more likely they were to develop lung cancer, heart disease, and other dangerous illnesses. This data demonstrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The basis of an experiment is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When studying family functioning, it has been observed that marital discord often increases as child behavior problems increase in the family. Using the correlational model,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Single-case experimental designs are sometimes criticized because they tend to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Institutional review boards are typically made up of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The dependent variable in a research study is the variable that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An important advantage of the multiple baseline design over the withdrawal design for evaluating treatments is that multiple baseline

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified
In cross-sectional designs, researchers ...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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