A) 2 million.
B) 3 billion.
C) 4 billion.
D) 7 billion.
E) 10 billion.
G) A) and D)
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A) for a person living in a developed nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources.
B) for a person living in a developing country to see how much of the world's resources are left for him/her.
C) in converting human foods' meat biomass to plant biomass.
D) in making predictions about the global carrying capacity of humans.
E) in determining which nations produce the least amount of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels.
G) A) and C)
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A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
G) A) and E)
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A) Type 1 and Type1
B) Type 1 and Type111
C) Type 1 and Type11
D) Type 11 and Type11
E) Type 111 and Type111
G) A) and E)
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A) Female survivability is more negatively affected by larger brood size than is male survivability.
B) Male survivability decreased by 50% between reduced and enlarged brood treatments.
C) Both males and females had increases in daily hunting with the enlarged brood size.
D) There appears to be a negative correlation between brood enlargements and parental survival.
E) Chicks in reduced brood treatment received more food, weight gain, and reduced mortality.
G) A) and C)
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A) has become so small that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.
B) has become so large that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.
C) is viable and stable at its carrying capacity.
D) has exceeded its carrying capacity.
E) is in crash decline.
G) C) and D)
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A) the removal of toxic waste by decomposers
B) intraspecific competition for nutrients
C) earthquakes
D) floods
E) fires
G) A) and B)
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A) I
B) II
C) III
D) I and II
E) II and III
G) None of the above
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A) competition and predation
B) intrinsic physiological factors
C) territoriality
D) disease
E) a severe frost
G) B) and E)
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A) R = b - m
B) dN/dt = rN
C) dN/dt = rmₐₓ N (K - N) /K
D) dN/dt = rmₐₓ N
E) dN/dt = 1.0N
G) A) and C)
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A) 6000
B) 42 275
C) 60 000
D) 140 000
E) 600 000
G) A) and C)
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A) All females in the population have the same litter size.
B) More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population.
C) Over 50% of the marked individuals need to be trapped during the recapture phase.
D) There is a 50:50 ratio of males to females in the population before and after trapping and recapture.
E) Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.
G) B) and D)
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A) offspring with good chances of survival
B) many offspring per reproductive episode
C) small offspring
D) a high intrinsic rate of increase
E) early parental reproduction
G) A) and D)
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A) 6
B) 18
C) 128
D) 512
E) 1024
G) C) and D)
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A) r selection-density dependent selection
B) semelparity-a one-shot, large reproductive effort
C) iteroparity-relatively few but large offspring are produced at each reproduction
D) semelparity-recorded in Pacific salmon
E) life history traits-are trade-offs between conflicting demands
G) C) and D)
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A) 120 individuals added
B) 40 individuals added
C) 20 individuals added
D) 400 individuals added
E) 20 individuals lost
G) B) and E)
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A) patterns of rock outcrops.
B) antagonistic social interactions between individuals of the population.
C) the uniform distribution of nesting material.
D) the concentration of prey within the population's range.
F) B) and D)
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A) choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live.
B) producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization.
C) the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide.
D) increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode with a corresponding decrease in parental care.
E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care.
G) A) and B)
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A) social pressure for birth control
B) earthquakes
C) plagues
D) famines
E) pollution
G) A) and C)
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A) Songbirds expend a tremendous amount of energy defending territories so that they spend less time feeding their young and fledgling mortality increases.
B) Only the fittest males defend territories and they attract the fittest females so the best genes are conveyed to the next generation.
C) Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size from which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mate, and their chicks.
D) Many individuals are killed in the agonistic behaviours that go along with territorial defence.
E) Adult songbirds make improvements to the territories they inhabit so that they can produce successfully fledged chicks.
G) C) and D)
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