Question 1

Graduate students are barely given enough money to buy noodle soup.When they finish their degrees they jump at the chance to work for a university for pauper's wages.The universities are able to keep the salaries low and still have plenty of applicants because of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive contrast.
B)  negative contrast.
C)  simultaneous contrast.
D)  stereotypic contrast.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 2

The difference between (positive)  punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment increases the target response, while negative reinforcement decreases the target response.
B)  punishment decreases the target response, while negative reinforcement increases the target response.
C)  in punishment, the target response terminates the aversive stimulus.
D)  in negative reinforcement, the response increases the likelihood of the aversive stimulus.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Research has suggested that which brain region mediates long-term consequences of uncontrollable aversive stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A)  dorsal raphe nucleus
B)  occipital cortex
C)  pre posterior nuclei
D)  lateral medial nucleiE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

According to the law of effect, which of the following elements is not a component of the conditioned association?

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus
B)  outcome
C)  response
D)  All of the above are involved.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the similarities and differences between...

Question 6

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

Accepted Answer

A)  animals have poor memories.
B)  animals keep responding during the delay.
C)  animals have attentional difficulties.
D)  animals expect responses to lead to reinforcers.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not an alternative explanation to the learned helplessness hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer.
B)  Animals learn to be inactive in response to shock during the exposure phase.
C)  Animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock.
D)  All are accepted alternativesE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 8

What is the learned-helplessness effect? Describe two competing explanations of the effect.How is the effect mediated by the dorsal raphe nucleus and the prefrontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the learned-helplessness effect? Describe two...

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stella changes the oil in her car to avoid engine seizure.
B)  Mark hits his little brother because the brother broke Mark's bike.
C)  Suzie cries after losing the card game.
D)  Ed gets a gold star because he didn't act out.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)  is a type of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment.
B)  omission training.
C)  escape.
D)  avoidance.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 11

What was the purpose of Skinner's superstition experiment? What were the results, and how have those results
been reinterpreted?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the purpose of Skinner's superstition...

Question 12

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  omission training.E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 13

Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness...

Question 14

The periodicity of terminal responses is best explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift.
B)  species-typical responses that reflect the anticipation of reward.
C)  species-typical responses that reflect other sources of motivation when food is unlikely.
D)  superstitious behavior.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?

Accepted Answer

A)  panic attacks
B)  depression
C)  schizophrenia
D)  dissociative disordersE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning.What are the advantages of each
class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental...

Question 17

Which would you expect to show the least avoidance learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  those subjects who had prior escape-avoidance training with escapable shock
B)  those subjects who had prior escape-avoidance training with inescapable shock
C)  those subjects who were merely restricted to the escape-avoidance training apparatus and that received no shocks
D)  any of the above depending on the intensity of the shocks deliveredE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

According to behavioral systems theory, instinctive drift is a product of

Accepted Answer

A)  stereotypy.
B)  the components of the system activated by the conditioning procedure.
C)  negative reinforcement components.
D)  differential reinforcement of other behaviors.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is too loud.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  omission training.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 20

When shaping the behavior of an organism, you must

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforce all responses.
B)  set each criterion so that at least some of the existing responses are reinforced.
C)  set each criterion so that only the response forms that exceed existing responses are reinforced.
D)  set each criterion so that most of the existing responses are reinforced.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning.What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?

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Graduate students are barely given enough money to buy noodle soup.When they finish their degrees they jump at the chance to work for a university for pauper's wages.The universities are able to keep the salaries low and still have plenty of applicants because of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?

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According to behavioral systems theory, instinctive drift is a product of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the law of effect, which of the following elements is not a component of the conditioned association?

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The difference between (positive) punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) is a type of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the learned-helplessness effect? Describe two competing explanations of the effect.How is the effect mediated by the dorsal raphe nucleus and the prefrontal cortex?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When shaping the behavior of an organism, you must

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the similarities and differences between positive and negative reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The periodicity of terminal responses is best explained by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which would you expect to show the least avoidance learning?

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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

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Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is too loud.This is an example of

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Which of the following is not an alternative explanation to the learned helplessness hypothesis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research has suggested that which brain region mediates long-term consequences of uncontrollable aversive stimuli?

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What was the purpose of Skinner's superstition experiment? What were the results, and how have those results been reinterpreted?

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