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Exam 2: The Copernican Revolution: the Birth of Modern Science

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Question 21

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The "guest star" observed by the Chinese in 1054 is now known to have been a(n) _ _.

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Question 22

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How would Ptolemy explain the rising of the Sun? Contrast this to Copernicus' explanation of the same event.

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Ptolemy would say that the celestial sph...

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The three laws of planetary motion by allowed us to predict planetary motion.

According to Newton's second law, if you double the force acting on a body, the acceleration will double.

According to Newton's third law, the Voyager probes pulled just as hard on Jupiter as it did on them when they flew past it. Why were they accelerated enough to leave the solar system but Jupiter still is in orbit about the Sun?

How much stronger is the gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth, at 1 AU, than it is on Saturn at 10 AU?

Because he failed to observe stellar , Aristotle wrongly concluded we could not be in orbit around the Sun.

A circular orbit would have an eccentricity of

Newton found that gravity varied with the of the distance between the two bodies pulling on each other.

Which of these was NOT seen telescopically by Galileo?

Why argument did the Aristotelian school present to reject the concept of Aristarchus that the Earth could be revolving around the Sun? Why was it wrong?

According to Newton's second law, when the same force acts on two bodies, the body with the larger mass will have the acceleration.

Kepler's first law worked, where Copernicus' original heliocentric model failed, because Kepler described the orbits as

Ptolemy's model was , with the Earth fixed in the center of the universe.

How did Ptolemy explain the retrograde motion of Mars?

How do the two factors (mass and distance) in Newton's law of gravitation each affect the force on the two bodies?

According to Kepler's third law, if you know the planet's orbital period, you can find its average distance from the Sun.

According to Newton, the gravity of the is needed to explain planetary orbits.

In Newton's first law, the of a body causes it to resist changes in its motion

According to Newton's first law, an object traveling in a circle does not have a force acting on it.