Question 1

What can be said about animal and vegetal poles?

Accepted Answer

A)  When animal pole cells are cultured with vegetal pole cells, some of the animal pole cells become mesoderm.
B)  When animal pole cells are cultured with vegetal pole cells, some of the vegetal pole cells become mesoderm.
C)  Isolated animal cells develop as endoderm.
D)  Isolated vegetal cells develop as ectoderm.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 2

The term neoplasia refers to cell accumulation.Neoplasia can be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  increased apoptosis.
B)  decreased apoptosis.
C)  blood clots.
D)  cell membrane interactions.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

A mutation in a Hox gene typically results in

Accepted Answer

A)  development of normal body parts in abnormal places.
B)  faulty development of the cellular blastoderm.
C)  cleavage disruption.
D)  legs growing out of the head of a fly.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 4

Plants do not utilize the process of cell migration in their development.Instead plants utilize

Accepted Answer

A)  the process of building themselves inwardly via the meristems present in the developing plant tissues.
B)  the process of building themselves outwardly via the meristems present in the developing plant tissues.
C)  the process of building themselves with epidermal tissues, which eventually become ground tissues, which can then begin the process of photosynthesis.
D)  the process of building themselves by using their vascular tissues to form meristems, which promotes normal development in the plant.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 5

A muscle precursor cell expressing the MyoD1 gene would be considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  pluripotent.
B)  determined.
C)  differentiated.
D)  totipotent.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 6

If a Drosophila mother is mutant for dorsal, her embryos would

Accepted Answer

A)  develop normally.
B)  have a delay in the development of dorsal/ventral polarity.
C)  lack dorsal structures.
D)  lack ventral structures.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

In general, the blastomeres of this region form the endodermal tissues.

Accepted Answer

A)  animal pole
B)  vegetal pole
C)  equator region
D)  membraneE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

Describe the apoptotic pathway in mammalian cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  Apaf1 inhibits Bcl2, Caspase-8 or 9 is activated, caspases degrade cell components
B)  Bcl2 activates Apaf1, Caspase-8 or 9 is inhibited, caspases degrade cell components
C)  Apaf1 activates Bcl2, Caspase-8 or 9 is activated, caspases degrade cell componentsD) A) and B)
E) A) and C)

Question 9

A fly embryo that expresses the bicoid mutant phenotype

Accepted Answer

A)  is genetically wild-type, but has a bicoid mutant mother.
B)  is mutant for bicoid and has a bicoid mutant mother.
C)  may be either genetically wild-type or mutant for bicoid, but definitely has a bicoid mutant mother.
D)  can be either genetically wild-type or mutant for bicoid.The genotype of the mother cannot be determined from the information provided.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 10

The main difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that

Accepted Answer

A)  in therapeutic cloning, embryonic stem cells are extracted from the blastocyst, while in reproductive cloning, the blastocyst is kept intact and implanted into a surrogate mother.
B)  somatic cell nuclear transfer is used for therapeutic cloning, while gametic cell nuclear transfer is used in reproductive cloning.
C)  unlike cells used for reproductive cloning, cells grown for therapeutic purposes do not display genetic imprinting problems.
D)  unlike cells used for reproductive cloning, cells grown for therapeutic purposes do not require the destruction of embryos.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 11

Which proteins are encoded by genes that code for the first mRNAs transcribed in Drosophila embryos?

Accepted Answer

A)  gap and pair-rule proteins
B)  dorsal proteins
C)  bicoid and nanos proteins
D)  caudal and hunchback proteinsE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

A zygote initially divides into smaller cells, each called a

Accepted Answer

A)  blastomere.
B)  gastrula.
C)  neurula.
D)  cleavage cell.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

Scientists attempted for many years to conduct nuclear transplants but failed.However, geneticists had success in cloning a sheep.They were successful because they

Accepted Answer

A)  picked a cell very early in development.
B)  replicated the blastomeres before insertion.
C)  delayed transcription in the blastomeres.
D)  treated the nucleus with sheep plasma before nuclear insertion.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 14

A fertilized egg is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  zygote
B)  ovule
C)  oocyte
D)  blastocystE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

During this initial period of division in a zygote, there is no increase in the overall size of the embryo.

Accepted Answer

A)  Mitosis
B)  Cleavage
C)  Meiosis
D)  FertilizationE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

If one were to inject cytoplasm containing Bicoid into the middle of a Drosophila egg immediately prior to fertilization, the embryo would

Accepted Answer

A)  try to form anterior structures in the middle of its body.
B)  try to form posterior structures in the middle of its body.
C)  not develop at all.
D)  develop normally.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Cells that die of injury usually swell and then burst.Their contents are released into the extracellular fluid.This form of cell death is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  apoptosis.
B)  necrosis.
C)  toti-latency.
D)  induction.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

Drosophila eggs acquire an initial asymmetry before fertilization as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  production of bicoid proteins in one end of the egg.
B)  maternal DNA molecules being deposited in one end of the egg.
C)  nurse cell migration to one end of the egg.
D)  maternal mRNA being deposited in one end of the egg.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

The Drosophila homeotic genes typically contain the homeobox.The homeobox is a sequence of 180 nucleotides.The number of amino acids coded for by this sequence is

Accepted Answer

A)  30.
B)  60.
C)  90.
D)  120E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

There are cases, particularly in fruit flies, in which a normal body part grows in the wrong spot.For instance, legs on the head growing instead of antennae, or a second set of wings behind the normal pair.What can explain this?

Accepted Answer

A)  These are due to the reappearance of stem cells, which are totipotent.
B)  These are due to misregulation of hormones from environmental contamination with pesticides.
C)  These occur as a result of mutations in homeotic genes, which normally act to direct development along the anterior-posterior axis.
D)  These naturally occur sometimes in animals that have metamorphic development, due to different organization of homeotic gene expression in larvae versus adults.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Exam 19: Cellular Mechanisms of Development

Plants do not utilize the process of cell migration in their development.Instead plants utilize

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If one were to inject cytoplasm containing Bicoid into the middle of a Drosophila egg immediately prior to fertilization, the embryo would

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Drosophila homeotic genes typically contain the homeobox.The homeobox is a sequence of 180 nucleotides.The number of amino acids coded for by this sequence is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The main difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A muscle precursor cell expressing the MyoD1 gene would be considered to be

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A fly embryo that expresses the bicoid mutant phenotype

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The term neoplasia refers to cell accumulation.Neoplasia can be caused by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During this initial period of division in a zygote, there is no increase in the overall size of the embryo.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What can be said about animal and vegetal poles?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Drosophila eggs acquire an initial asymmetry before fertilization as a result of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the apoptotic pathway in mammalian cells.

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Scientists attempted for many years to conduct nuclear transplants but failed.However, geneticists had success in cloning a sheep.They were successful because they

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A fertilized egg is called a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a Drosophila mother is mutant for dorsal, her embryos would

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cells that die of injury usually swell and then burst.Their contents are released into the extracellular fluid.This form of cell death is referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In general, the blastomeres of this region form the endodermal tissues.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

There are cases, particularly in fruit flies, in which a normal body part grows in the wrong spot.For instance, legs on the head growing instead of antennae, or a second set of wings behind the normal pair.What can explain this?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which proteins are encoded by genes that code for the first mRNAs transcribed in Drosophila embryos?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A zygote initially divides into smaller cells, each called a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A mutation in a Hox gene typically results in

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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