Question 1

The central dogma of genetics states that DNA directs protein synthesis and that information flows from

Accepted Answer

A)   protein → RNA → DNA.
B)   protein → DNA → RNA.
C)   RNA → protein → DNA.
D)   RNA → DNA → protein.
E)   DNA → RNA → protein.F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

Question 2

One hypothesis suggests that protobionts were heterotrophs, organisms that synthesized organic molecules from inorganic molecules and nutrients.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

When small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become less effective, this is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   an arms race.
B)   antigenic escape.
C)   antibody migration.
D)   antigenic drift.
E)   spike reassortment.F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 4

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)   They reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals.
B)   They reduce oxygen to an inorganic compound by using energetic electrons derived from chemicals.
C)   They utilize photosynthesis to produce their own food.
D)   They transfer electrons to sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfate.
E)   All of the answer choices are descriptions of a chemoautotroph bacteria.F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

Question 5

Most viruses are

Accepted Answer

A)   much smaller than bacteria.
B)   usually more than 1 micron long.
C)   larger than protists.
D)   immeasurable.
E)   single celled.F) None of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 6

Which of the following forms of energy is thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

A)   radioactivity
B)   electrical energy
C)   heat
D)   radiation from the sun
E)   All of the answer choices describe forms of energy that could have contributed to the production of large organic molecules on early Earth.F) A) and E)
G) B) and E)

Question 7

Which hypothesis suggests that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time?

Accepted Answer

A)   Aleksandr Oparin's coacervate theory
B)   Stanley Miller's chemical soup theory
C)   Sidney Fox's protein-first hypothesis
D)   Alexander Cairns-Smith's simultaneous evolution of polypeptides and RNA hypothesis
E)   Darwin's original theory of evolution, as written in Origin of SpeciesF) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 8

Which of the following is considered to be acellular?

Accepted Answer

A)   bacteria
B)   fungi
C)   algae
D)   protozoans
E)   virusesF) C) and D)
G) None of the above

Question 9

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?

Accepted Answer

A)   cyanobacteria
B)   anaerobic bacteria
C)   archaea
D)   heterotrophic
E)   aerobic bacteriaF) A) and C)
G) A) and D)

Question 10

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

Accepted Answer

A)   the first cell was probably made of nucleic acids.
B)   it is possible to form protocells.
C)   the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.
D)   atmospheric pressure is required for life to begin.
E)   the earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old.F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 11

How are the archaea different from bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)   Archaea show the earliest form of photosynthetic ability.
B)   Bacteria lack the peptidoglycan cell wall found in the archaea.
C)   Archaea have a monolayer of lipids with branched side chains.
D)   Archaea have evolved far more advanced forms of metabolism than bacteria.
E)   Archaea have very delicate plasma membranes compared to more durable bacteria.F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

Question 12

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

Accepted Answer

A)   inject its protein into the cell while the nucleic acid remains attached to the host cell surface.
B)   have a special protein spike on its surface capsid that can interact with a receptor protein on the surface of the host cell.
C)   actively burrow through the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell to reach the cell's nucleus.
D)   produce a special extension of its cytoplasm when it comes into contact with the appropriate host cell.
E)   have enzymes to break down the cell wall or cell membrane of the host cell.F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

Question 13

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they

Accepted Answer

A)   rearrange the genes of the host to code for specific virulence factors that determine the type and extent of the illness.
B)   carry the same genes as the host organism, causing them to be indistinguishable from the host cell.
C)   carry the genes that code for virulent factors, causing them to be harmful to humans.
D)   carry genes that allow them to become symbiotes.
E)   carry the genes of organisms like birds (bird flu)  or pigs (swine flu) .F) All of the above
G) C) and E)

Question 14

Which of the following is a true statement about retroviruses?

Accepted Answer

A)   they contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase
B)   it is able to carry out transcription of RNA to DNA
C)   viral DNA remains in the host genome
D)   can be hidden from the host immune system
E)   All of the answer choices are true statements about the retroviruses.F) B) and C)
G) None of the above

Exam 28: Microbiology

One hypothesis suggests that protobionts were heterotrophs, organisms that synthesized organic molecules from inorganic molecules and nutrients.

Correct Answer
verified

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

Correct Answer
verified

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is considered to be acellular?

Correct Answer
verified

When small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become less effective, this is known as

Correct Answer
verified

Most viruses are

Correct Answer
verified

How are the archaea different from bacteria?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following forms of energy is thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Correct Answer
verified

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is a true statement about retroviruses?

Correct Answer
verified

Which hypothesis suggests that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time?

Correct Answer
verified

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

Correct Answer
verified

The central dogma of genetics states that DNA directs protein synthesis and that information flows from

Correct Answer
verified

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 28: Microbiology

One hypothesis suggests that protobionts were heterotrophs, organisms that synthesized organic molecules from inorganic molecules and nutrients.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Bacteria cause diseases in humans when they

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is considered to be acellular?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When small mutations gradually change the surface antigens of a virus so that antibodies to the original virus become less effective, this is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most viruses are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How are the archaea different from bacteria?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following forms of energy is thought to have been involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which description best fits a chemoautotroph bacteria?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a true statement about retroviruses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which hypothesis suggests that both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The central dogma of genetics states that DNA directs protein synthesis and that information flows from

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which type of prokaryotes are able to live in the most extreme environments?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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